Europe’s food security does not begin in the field, but with access to fertilisers. In its new Action Plan, the European Commission highlights that European agriculture remains heavily dependent on imports of both raw materials and fertilisers themselves. The future resilience of Europe’s food system is therefore linked to domestic production, the circular economy, innovation,…

The European debate on the circular economy is increasingly focusing on End-of-Waste (EoW) rules, namely the point at which a material, after processing, ceases to be waste and becomes a secondary raw material for further industrial use. The design of these rules will also be important for the further development of chemical recycling of plastics,…

European industry is currently facing a combination of energy, resource and geopolitical uncertainty. Rising oil and natural gas prices are directly reflected in the cost of producing plastics, chemical feedstocks and fertilisers, while dependence on imports from unstable regions remains high. Paradoxically, Europe possesses its own source of carbon for the production of plastics and…